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Crayfish

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crawfish" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Crawfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crawfish (disambiguation)">Crawfish (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Crayfish<div>Temporal range: </div>

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<td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="Paranephrops" title="Paranephrops">Paranephrops</a> species (<a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a>)

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Decapod" title="Decapod">Decapoda</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Pleocyemata" title="Pleocyemata">Pleocyemata</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Reptantia" title="Reptantia">Reptantia</a>

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<td>Infraorder:

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<td><a href="Astacidea" title="Astacidea">Astacidea</a>

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<th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamilies</a> and <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>

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<dl><dt><a href="Astacoidea" title="Astacoidea">Astacoidea</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Astacidae" title="Astacidae">Astacidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">Cambaridae</a></li>

<li><a href="Cambaroididae" title="Cambaroididae">Cambaroididae</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Parastacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastacoidea">Parastacoidea</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a></li></ul>

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Crayfish<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> are freshwater <a href="Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> belonging to the infraorder <a href="Astacidea" title="Astacidea">Astacidea</a>, which also contains <a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>. Taxonomically, they are members of the <a href="Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">superfamilies</a> <a href="Astacoidea" title="Astacoidea">Astacoidea</a> and <a href="Parastacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastacoidea">Parastacoidea</a>. They breathe through feather-like <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. Some species are found in brooks and streams, where <a href="Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> is running, while others thrive in <a href="Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, ditches, and <a href="Paddy_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddy fields">paddy fields</a>. Most crayfish cannot tolerate <a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">polluted water</a>, although some species, such as <a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Procambarus clarkii</a>, are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or <a href="Decomposing" class="mw-redirect" title="Decomposing">decomposing</a>, and <a href="Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a>

The term "crayfish" is applied to saltwater species <a href="#Other_animals">in some countries</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

The name "crayfish" comes from the <a href="Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a> word escrevisse (<a href="French_language" title="French language">Modern French</a> écrevisse).<a href="#cite_note-OED-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The word has been modified to "crayfish" by association with "fish" (<a href="Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>).<a href="#cite_note-OED-3">[2]</a> The largely <a href="American_English" title="American English">American</a> variant "crawfish" is similarly derived.<a href="#cite_note-OED-3">[2]</a>

Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as <a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> crawdads,<a href="#cite_note-Bayou-6">[5]</a> mudbugs,<a href="#cite_note-Bayou-6">[5]</a> and <a href="Cherax" title="Cherax">yabbies</a>. In the <a href="Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a>, "crayfish" is more common in the north, while "crawdad" is heard more in central and southwestern regions, and "crawfish" farther south, although considerable overlaps exist.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>

The study of crayfish is called astacology.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Decapod_anatomy" title="Decapod anatomy">Decapod anatomy</a></div>

The body of a <a href="Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapod</a> <a href="Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a>, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty <a href="Body_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Body segment">body segments</a> grouped into two main body parts, the <a href="Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a> and the <a href="Abdomen#Arthropoda" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. Each segment may possess two pairs of <a href="Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>, although in various groups, these may be reduced or gone. On average, crayfish grow to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in length. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a>

Crayfish are opportunistic <a href="Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> scavengers, with the ability to filter and process mud.<a href="#cite_note-OBrien1990-10">[9]</a> In <a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> ponds using <a href="Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analysis</a> they were shown to build body tissue selectively from the animal protein portion of pelleted food and not the other components of the pellet.<a href="#cite_note-OBrienDavies2002-11">[10]</a>

They have the potential to eat most foods, even nutrient poor material such as grass, leaves, and paper, but can be highly selective and need variety to balance their diet. The personalities of the individual crayfish can be a key determinant in the food preference behaviour in aquaria.

Crayfish all over the world can be seen in an <a href="Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> role of <a href="Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> dwellers, so this is where most of their food is obtained – at the sediment/water interface in ponds, lakes, swamps, or burrows. When the gut contents are analysed, most of the contents is mud: fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) and mixed particles of lignin and cellulose (roots, leaves, bark, wood).<a href="#cite_note-OBrien1995-12">[11]</a> Some animal material can also be identified, but this only contributes a small portion of the diet by volume.

They feed on submerged vegetable material at times, but their ability to catch large living animal material is restricted. They can feed on <a href="Interstitial_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fauna">interstitial organisms</a> if they can be grasped in the small feeding claws. They can be lured into traps with an array of baits from dog biscuits, fish heads, meat, etc., all of which reinforces the fact that they are generalist feeders.

On a day-to-day basis, they consume what they can acquire in their immediate environment in limited space and time available - <a href="Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>. At a microbial level, the FPOM has a high surface area of organic particles and consists of a plethora of <a href="Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">substrate</a> and <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="Micro-algae" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-algae">micro-algae</a>, <a href="Meiofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiofauna">meiofauna</a>, partially decomposed organic material and mucus. This mucus or "slime" is a <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> and can be felt on the surface of leaves and sticks. Also crayfish have been shown to be <a href="Coprophagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprophagic">coprophagic</a> – eating their own faeces, they also eat their own <a href="Exuviae" title="Exuviae">exuviae</a> (<a href="Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moulted</a> <a href="Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a>) and each other.<a href="#cite_note-OBrienDavies2002-11">[10]</a> They have even been observed leaving the water to graze.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a>

Detritus or mud is a mixture of dead <a href="Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> (plant and animal), organic wastes from the <a href="Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>, and debris derived from the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Mostly detritus is in the end phase of decomposition and is recognised as black organic mud. The crayfish usually ingest the material in only a few minutes, as distinct from grazing for many hours. The material is mixed with digestive fluids and sorted by size. The finer particles follow a slower and more exacting route through to the <a href="Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a>, compared to the coarser material. The coarser material is eliminated first and often reappears in approximately 10 to 12 hours, whereas the finer material is usually eliminated from 16 to 26 hours after ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien1994-14">[13]</a>

All waste products coming out through the hindgut are wrapped in a <a href="Peritrophic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritrophic membrane">peritrophic membrane</a>, so they look like a tube. Such an investment in the wrapping of the microbial free faeces in a protein rich membrane is most likely the reason they are coprophagic. Such feeding behaviour based on selection, ingestion, and extreme processing ensures periodic feeding, as distinct from continuous grazing. They tend to eat to satiation and then take many hours to process the material, leaving minimal chance of having more room to ingest other items. Crayfish usually have limited home range and so they rest, digest, and eliminate their waste, most commonly in the same location each day.

Feeding exposes the crayfish to risk of predation, and so feeding behaviour is often rapid and synchronised with feeding processes that reduce such risks – eat, hide, process and eliminate.

Knowledge of the diet of these creatures was considered too complex since the first book ever written in the field of zoology, The Crayfish by <a href="T.H._Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="T.H. Huxley">T.H. Huxley</a> (1879), where they were described as "<a href="Detritivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivores">detritivores</a>". This is why most researchers have not attempted to understand the diet of freshwater crayfish. The most complex study which matched the structure and function of the whole digestive tract with ingested material was performed in the 1990s by Brett O'Brien on <a href="Marron" title="Marron">marron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien1994-14">[13]</a> the least aggressive of the larger freshwater crayfish with aquaculture potential, similar to redclaw and yabbies.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_geographical_distribution">Classification and geographical distribution</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Three families of crayfish</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Astacidae" title="Astacidae">Astacidae</a>: <a href="Austropotamobius_pallipes" title="Austropotamobius pallipes">Austropotamobius pallipes</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">Cambaridae</a>: <a href="Procambarus_alleni" title="Procambarus alleni">Procambarus alleni</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a>: <a href="Cherax_destructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherax destructor">Cherax destructor</a></div></div></div></div></div>

Crayfish are closely related to <a href="Lobsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsters">lobsters</a>, and together they belong to the <a href="Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorder</a> <a href="Astacidea" title="Astacidea">Astacidea</a>. Their <a href="Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> can be shown in the simplified <a href="Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below:<a href="#cite_note-Wolfe2019-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crandall2017-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bracken2014-17">[16]</a>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Astacidea" title="Astacidea">Astacidea</a>

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<td class="clade-label first">clawed lobsters

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Enoplometopoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoplometopoidea">Enoplometopoidea</a>

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<a href="Enoplometopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoplometopidae">Enoplometopidae</a>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Nephropoidea" title="Nephropoidea">Nephropoidea</a>

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<a href="Nephropidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephropidae">Nephropidae</a>

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<td class="clade-label">crayfish

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Parastacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastacoidea">Parastacoidea</a>

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<a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a>

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<td class="clade-label"><a href="Astacoidea" title="Astacoidea">Astacoidea</a>

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<a href="Cambaroididae" title="Cambaroididae">Cambaroididae</a>

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<a href="Astacidae" title="Astacidae">Astacidae</a>

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<a href="Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">Cambaridae</a>

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Four <a href="Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> (living) <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a> of crayfish are described, three in the <a href="Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and one in the <a href="Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. The Southern Hemisphere (<a href="Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>-distributed) family <a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a>, with 14 extant genera and two extinct genera, live(d) in <a href="South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. They are distinguished by the absence of the first pair of <a href="Pleopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleopod">pleopods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Of the other three Northern Hemisphere families (grouped in the <a href="Superfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (biology)">superfamily</a> <a href="Astacoidea" title="Astacoidea">Astacoidea</a>), the four genera of the family <a href="Astacidae" title="Astacidae">Astacidae</a> live in western <a href="Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and western <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the 15 genera of the family <a href="Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">Cambaridae</a> live in eastern <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and the single genus of <a href="Cambaroididae" title="Cambaroididae">Cambaroididae</a> live in eastern <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crandall2017-16">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

The greatest diversity of crayfish species is found in southeastern North America, with over 330 species in 15 genera, all in the family Cambaridae. A further genus of astacid crayfish is found in the <a href="Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and the headwaters of some rivers east of the <a href="Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a>. Many crayfish are also found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and oxygen rises from underground springs.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Crayfish are also found in some non-coastal wetlands; eight species of crayfish live in <a href="Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> for example.

In 1983, <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> designated the crayfish, or crawfish as they are commonly called, as its official state crustacean.<a href="#cite_note-Profile-21">[20]</a> Louisiana produces 100 million pounds (45 million kilograms) of crawfish per year with the <a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">red swamp</a> and <a href="Procambarus_zonangulus" title="Procambarus zonangulus">white river crawfish</a> being the main species harvested.<a href="#cite_note-SS-22">[21]</a> Crawfish are a part of <a href="Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> culture dating back hundreds of years.<a href="#cite_note-VOA-23">[22]</a> A variety of cottage industries have developed as a result of commercialized crawfish iconography. Their products include crawfish attached to wooden plaques, T-shirts with crawfish logos, and crawfish pendants, earrings, and necklaces made of gold or silver.<a href="#cite_note-CF-24">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div>

<a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> has over 100 species in a dozen <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>. It is home to the world's three largest freshwater crayfish:

<ul><li>the <a href="Tasmanian_giant_freshwater_crayfish" title="Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish">Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish</a> Astacopsis gouldi, which can achieve a mass over 5 kg (11 lb) and is found in rivers of northern <a href="Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></li>

<li>the <a href="Murray_crayfish" title="Murray crayfish">Murray crayfish</a> Euastacus armatus, which can reach 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), although reports of animals up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) have been made. It is found in much of the southern <a href="Murray-Darling_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray-Darling basin">Murray-Darling basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li>

<li>the <a href="Marron" title="Marron">marron</a> from <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (now believed to be two species, <a href="Cherax_tenuimanus" title="Cherax tenuimanus">Cherax tenuimanus</a> and <a href="Cherax_cainii" title="Cherax cainii">C. cainii</a>) which may reach 2.2 kg (4.9 lb)</li></ul>

Many of the better-known Australian crayfish are of the genus Cherax, and include the <a href="Common_yabby" title="Common yabby">common yabby</a> (C. destructor), western yabby (C. preissii), and <a href="Red-claw_crayfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-claw crayfish">red-claw crayfish</a> (C. quadricarinatus).<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>

The marron species C. tenuimanus is <a href="Critically_endangered" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, while other large Australasian crayfish are threatened or endangered.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div>

In <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, two species of <a href="Paranephrops" title="Paranephrops">Paranephrops</a> are endemic, and are known by the <a href="M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> name kōura.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a>.</div>

In Australia, New Zealand, and <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> the term "crayfish" or "cray" generally refers to a saltwater <a href="Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">spiny lobster</a>, of the genus <a href="Jasus" title="Jasus">Jasus</a> that is indigenous to much of southern <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> while the <a href="Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> species are usually called <a href="Common_yabby" title="Common yabby">yabbies</a> or <a href="Paranephrops" title="Paranephrops">kōura</a>, from the <a href="Indigenous_Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian languages">indigenous Australian</a> and Māori names for the animal, respectively, or by other names specific to each species. Exceptions include <a href="Panulirus_cygnus" title="Panulirus cygnus">western rock lobster</a> (of the <a href="Palinuridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palinuridae">Palinuridae</a> family) found on the west coast of Australia (it is a spiny lobster, but not of Jasus); the <a href="Tasmanian_giant_freshwater_crayfish" title="Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish">Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish</a> (from the <a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacidae</a> family and therefore a true crayfish) found only in Tasmania; and the <a href="Murray_crayfish" title="Murray crayfish">Murray crayfish</a> found along Australia's <a href="Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray River</a>.

In <a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the term crayfish typically refers to <a href="Thenus_orientalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenus orientalis">Thenus orientalis</a>, a seawater crustacean from the <a href="Slipper_lobster" title="Slipper lobster">slipper lobster</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> True crayfish are not native to Singapore, but are commonly found as pets, or as an invasive species (<a href="Cherax_quadricarinatus" title="Cherax quadricarinatus">Cherax quadricarinatus</a>) in the many water catchment areas, and are alternatively known as freshwater lobsters.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the terms crayfish or crawfish commonly refer to the <a href="Palinurus_elephas" title="Palinurus elephas">European spiny lobster</a>, a saltwater species found in much of the East Atlantic and Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The only true crayfish species native to the British Isles is the endangered <a href="White_clawed_crayfish" class="mw-redirect" title="White clawed crayfish">white clawed crayfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2></div>

Fossil burrows very similar in construction to those of modern crayfish and likely produced by early crayfish are known from the <a href="Early_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Permian">Early Permian</a> (~300-270 million years ago) of equatorial <a href="Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>, in what is now North America (<a href="Washington_Formation" title="Washington Formation">Washington Formation</a>), and Europe (<a href="Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>). The oldest body fossils assigned to crayfish are known from the <a href="Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> (~230-200 million years ago) <a href="Chinle_Formation" title="Chinle Formation">Chinle Formation</a> of North America, assigned to the species "Enoploclytia" porteri and Camborygma eumekenomos, which are not assigned to any modern families. An indeterminate member of the modern family <a href="Cambaridae" title="Cambaridae">Cambaridae</a> is known from the Late Jurassic <a href="Morrison_Formation" title="Morrison Formation">Morrison Formation</a> of North America.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The earliest records of other modern families date to the Early Cretaceous, including the <a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">parastacid</a> <a href="Palaeoechinastacus" title="Palaeoechinastacus">Palaeoechinastacus</a> from Australia which is 115 million years old,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> the <a href="Cambaroididae" title="Cambaroididae">cambaroidid</a> <a href="Palaeocambarus" title="Palaeocambarus">Palaeocambarus</a> from the <a href="Yixian_Formation" title="Yixian Formation">Yixian Formation</a> of China which is likely around 120 million years old (<a href="Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a>-<a href="Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a>),<a href="#cite_note-:0-40">[39]</a> and the <a href="Astacidae" title="Astacidae">astacid</a> "<a href="Austropotamobius" title="Austropotamobius">Austropotamobius</a>" llopisi from the <a href="Las_Hoyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Hoyas">Las Hoyas</a> site in <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (Barremian).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_crayfish">Threats to crayfish</h2></div>

Crayfish are susceptible to infections such as <a href="Crayfish_plague" title="Crayfish plague">crayfish plague</a> and to environmental stressors including acidification. In Europe, they are particularly threatened by crayfish plague, which is caused by the North American <a href="Water_mold" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mold">water mold</a> Aphanomyces astaci. This water mold was transmitted to Europe when North American species of crayfish were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-lee-james-42">[41]</a> Species of the genus <a href="Astacus" title="Astacus">Astacus</a> are particularly susceptible to infection, allowing the plague-coevolved <a href="Signal_crayfish" title="Signal crayfish">signal crayfish</a> (native to western North America) to invade parts of <a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>

<a href="Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a> can cause problems for crayfish across the world. In whole-ecosystem experiments simulating acid rain at the <a href="Experimental_Lakes_Area" title="Experimental Lakes Area">Experimental Lakes Area</a> in <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario, Canada</a>, crayfish populations crashed – probably because their <a href="Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a> are weaker in <a href="Freshwater_acidification" title="Freshwater acidification">acidified</a> environments.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasive_pest">Invasive pest</h2></div>

In several countries, particularly in Europe, native species of crayfish are under threat by imported species, particularly the signal crayfish (<a href="Pacifastacus_leniusculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifastacus leniusculus">Pacifastacus leniusculus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Crayfish are also considered an invasive predatory species, endangering native European species such as the <a href="Italian_agile_frog" title="Italian agile frog">Italian agile frog</a> and the <a href="Discoglossus_pictus" title="Discoglossus pictus">painted frog</a> in <a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>

<div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Human uses</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crayfish, boiled with potatoes and corn</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">A pet crayfish, <a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Procambarus clarkii</a> in a freshwater aquarium</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"></div><div class="thumbcaption">Golden crayfish pendant, <a href="Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas culture</a>, <a href="Chiriqu%C3%AD_Province" title="Chiriquí Province">Chiriqui</a>, Panama, c. 11th to 16th century AD</div></div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</h3></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Crawfish" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Crawfish"> Crawfish</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div>

</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish as food</a></div>

Crayfish are eaten worldwide. Like other edible crustaceans, only a small portion of the body of a crayfish is eaten. In most prepared dishes, such as soups, <a href="Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">bisques</a> and <a href="%C3%89touff%C3%A9e" title="Étouffée">étouffées</a>, only the tail portion is served. At <a href="Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">crawfish boils</a> or other meals where the entire body of the crayfish is presented, other portions, such as the claw meat, may be eaten.

Research shows that crayfish do not die immediately when boiled alive, and respond to pain in a similar way to mammals. Then the stress hormone cortisol is released and this leads to the formation of lactic acid in the muscles, which makes the meat taste sour. Crayfish can be cooked more humanely by first freezing them unconscious for a few hours, then destroying the central nervous system along their abdomen by cutting the crayfish lengthwise with a long knife down the center of the crayfish before cooking it.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a>

Global crayfish production is centered in Asia, primarily China. In 2018, Asian production accounted for 95% of the world's crayfish supply.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a>

Crayfish is part of <a href="Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish cuisine</a> and is usually eaten in August at special <a href="Crayfish_party" title="Crayfish party">crayfish parties</a> (<a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Kräftskiva). Documentation of the consumption of crayfish dates to at least the 16th century. On the Swedish west coast, <a href="Nephrops_norvegicus" title="Nephrops norvegicus">Nephrops norvegicus</a> (Havskräfta, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'sea crayfish') is more commonly eaten while various freshwater crayfish are consumed in the rest of the country. Prior to the 1960s, crayfish was largely inaccessible to the urban population in Sweden and consumption was largely limited to the upper classes or farmers holding fishing rights in fresh water lakes. With the introduction of import of frozen crayfish the crayfish party is now widely practiced across all spheres in Sweden and among the <a href="Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland" title="Swedish-speaking population of Finland">Swedish-speaking population of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a>

In the United States, crayfish production is strongly centered in <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, with 93% of crayfish farms located in the state as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 1987, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish harvested in the world, 70% of which were consumed locally.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 2007, the Louisiana crayfish harvest was about 54,800 tons, almost all of it from <a href="Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> About 70–80% of crayfish produced in Louisiana are <a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Procambarus clarkii</a> (red swamp crawfish), with the remaining 20–30% being <a href="Procambarus_zonangulus" title="Procambarus zonangulus">Procambarus zonangulus</a> (white river crawfish).<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Optimum dietary nutritional requirement of freshwater crayfish, or crayfish nutrient specifications are now available for aquaculture feed producers <a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a>

Like all crustaceans, crayfish are not <a href="Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> because they are aquatic animals that do not have both <a href="Fin" title="Fin">fins</a> and <a href="Scale_(zoology)" title="Scale (zoology)">scales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> They are therefore not eaten by observant <a href="Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, and some Christian denominations.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-Rochow_2009-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>

Crayfish are preyed upon by a variety of <a href="Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fishes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Web_2002-59">[58]</a> and are commonly used as <a href="Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">bait</a>, either live or with only the tail meat. They are a popular bait for catching <a href="Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, <a href="Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">smallmouth bass</a>, <a href="Striped_bass" title="Striped bass">striped bass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bass_Fishing_Gurus_2015-61">[60]</a> <a href="Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>, <a href="Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pike</a><a href="#cite_note-Funny_Fishing_Tshirts_&_Fishing_Gifts_-_Fish_Face_2017-62">[61]</a> and <a href="Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskie</a>. When using live crayfish as bait, anglers prefer to hook them between the eyes, piercing through their hard, pointed beak which causes them no harm; therefore, they remain more active.<a href="#cite_note-Bean_2011-63">[62]</a>

When using crayfish as bait, it is important to fish in the same environment where they were caught. An <a href="Illinois_State_University" title="Illinois State University">Illinois State University</a> report that focused on studies conducted on the <a href="Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)" title="Fox River (Illinois River tributary)">Fox River</a> and <a href="Des_Plaines_River" title="Des Plaines River">Des Plaines River</a> watershed stated that <a href="Rusty_crayfish" title="Rusty crayfish">rusty crayfish</a>, initially caught as bait in a different environment, were dumped into the water and "outcompeted the native clearwater crayfish".<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Other studies confirmed that transporting crayfish to different environments has led to various ecological problems, including the elimination of native species.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Transporting crayfish as live bait has also contributed to the spread of <a href="Zebra_mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebra mussels">zebra mussels</a> in various waterways throughout Europe and North America, as they are known to attach themselves to exoskeleton of crayfishes.<a href="#cite_note-HaGov-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nonindigenous_Aquatic_Species_2005-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a>

Crayfish are kept as pets in freshwater aquariums. They prefer foods like shrimp pellets or various vegetables, but will also eat tropical fish food, regular fish food, algae wafers, and small fish that can be captured with their claws. A report by the <a href="National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><a href="#cite_note-abebault-69">[68]</a> as well as video and anecdotal reports by aquarium owners<a href="#cite_note-YouTube_2018-70">[69]</a> indicate that crayfish will eat their moulted exoskeleton "to recover the calcium and phosphates contained in it."<a href="#cite_note-abebault-69">[68]</a> As omnivores, crayfish will eat almost anything; therefore, they may explore the edibility of aquarium plants in a fish tank. However, most species of dwarf crayfish, such as <a href="Cambarellus_patzcuarensis" title="Cambarellus patzcuarensis">Cambarellus patzcuarensis</a>, will not destructively dig or eat live aquarium plants.<a href="#cite_note-petshrimp-71">[70]</a>

In some nations, such as the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, imported alien crayfish are a danger to local rivers. The three most widespread American species invasive in Europe are <a href="Faxonius_limosus" title="Faxonius limosus">Faxonius limosus</a>, <a href="Pacifastacus_leniusculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifastacus leniusculus">Pacifastacus leniusculus</a> and <a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Procambarus clarkii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lee-james-42">[41]</a> Crayfish may spread into different bodies of water because specimens captured for pets in one river are often released into a different catchment. There is a potential for ecological damage when crayfish are introduced into non-native bodies of water: e.g., <a href="Crayfish_plague" title="Crayfish plague">crayfish plague</a> in Europe, or the introduction of the common yabby (Cherax destructor) into drainages east of the Great Dividing Range in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-auzoo-72">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div>

Some <a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">public schools</a> in the United States keep live crayfish in the classroom and have the students take care of them in order to give the students a greater understanding of the creatures.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentinel_species">Sentinel species</h3></div>

The Protivin brewery in the <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> uses crayfish outfitted with sensors to detect any changes in their bodies or pulse activity in order to monitor the purity of the water used in their product. The creatures are kept in a fish tank that is fed with the same local natural source water used in their brewing. If three or more of the crayfish have changes to their pulses, employees know there is a change in the water and examine the parameters.<a href="#cite_note-Brewery-74">[73]</a>

Scientists also monitor crayfish in the wild in natural bodies of water to study the levels of pollutants there. This use makes crayfish an <a href="Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brewery-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Missouri-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meuse-76">[75]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Arthropods_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropods in culture">Arthropods in culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In some locations, they are also known as baybugs, crabfish, craws, crawfish, crawdaddies, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, mudbugs, rock lobsters, or yabbies.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Meuse-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Meuse_76-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchildermanMoonenMaasWelle1999" class="citation journal cs1">Schilderman, P. A. E. L.; Moonen, E. J. C.; Maas, L. M.; Welle, I.; Kleinjans, J. C. S. (1999). "Use of Crayfish in Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental Pollution of the River Meuse". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 44 (3): 241–252. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EcoES..44..241S">1999EcoES..44..241S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Feesa.1999.1827">10.1006/eesa.1999.1827</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-6513">0147-6513</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10581118">10581118</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin" style="">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_GoessmannCharlotte_HemelrijkRobert_Huber2000" class="citation journal cs1">Christoph Goessmann; Charlotte Hemelrijk; Robert Huber (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caspar.bgsu.edu/~lobsterman/Page/Papers/2000GoeHemHub.pdf">"The formation and maintenance of crayfish hierarchies: behavioral and self-structuring properties"</a> (PDF). <a href="Behavioral_Ecology_and_Sociobiology" title="Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</a>. 48 (6): 418–428. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BEcoS..48..418G">2000BEcoS..48..418G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650000222">10.1007/s002650000222</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9288247">9288247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907094151/http://caspar.bgsu.edu/%7elobsterman/Page/Papers/2000GoeHemHub.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2006.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Henry_Huxley1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crayfishintroduc00huxl">The Crayfish: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology</a>. New York: D. Appleton & Co.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSterling_K._JohnsonNathan_K._Johnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Sterling K. Johnson; Nathan K. Johnson (2008). Texas Crawdads. College Station, Texas: Crawdad Club Designs. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9801103-0-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmae-journal.org/articles/kmae/abs/2009/03/contents/contents.html">Regional European Crayfish Workshop: Future of Native Crayfish in Europe</a>. <a href="Knowledge_and_Management_of_Aquatic_Ecosystems" title="Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems">Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems</a>. No. 394–395 (2009).</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJerry_G._Walls2009" class="citation book cs1">Jerry G. Walls (2009). Crawfishes of Louisiana. Baton Rouge, LA: Florida State University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8071-3409-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:

<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" class="extiw external" title="commons:Crayfish">Crayfish</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crayfish" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Crayfish">category</a>)</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090719152229/http://iz.carnegiemnh.org/crayfish/iaa/index.htm">International Association of Astacology (IAA)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuuIlZyrySE&spfreload=10">America's Crayfish: Crawling In Troubled Waters</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416172558/https://crawfish.org/">Louisiana Crawfish Research and Promotion Board</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF6NgMBcNCM">Crayfish Moulting Video</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126195303/https://ontarionature.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/crayfish_apr08.pdf">Species of Ontario Crayfish</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Subgroups_of_order_Decapoda198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subgroups of order <a href="Decapod" title="Decapod">Decapoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></li>

<li>Subclass: <a href="Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a></li>

<li>Superorder: <a href="Eucarida" title="Eucarida">Eucarida</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dendrobranchiata" title="Dendrobranchiata">Dendrobranchiata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Penaeoidea" title="Penaeoidea">Penaeoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergestoidea" title="Sergestoidea">Sergestoidea</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pleocyemata" title="Pleocyemata">Pleocyemata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stenopodidea" title="Stenopodidea">Stenopodidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spongicolidae" title="Spongicolidae">Spongicolidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Stenopodidae" title="Stenopodidae">Stenopodidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Macromaxillocaris" title="Macromaxillocaris">Macromaxillocarididae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Procarididea" title="Procarididea">Procarididea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Procarididea" title="Procarididea">Procarididae</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Udora</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Udorellidae</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caridea" title="Caridea">Caridea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpheoidea" title="Alpheoidea">Alpheoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Atyidae" title="Atyidae">Atyoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Bresilioidea" title="Bresilioidea">Bresilioidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Campylonotoidea" title="Campylonotoidea">Campylonotoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Crangonoidea" title="Crangonoidea">Crangonoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Nematocarcinoidea" title="Nematocarcinoidea">Nematocarcinoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Oplophoroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oplophoroidea">Oplophoroidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaemonoidea" title="Palaemonoidea">Palaemonoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandaloidea" title="Pandaloidea">Pandaloidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasiphaeoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasiphaeoidea">Pasiphaeoidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Pleopteryxoidea</li>

<li><a href="Processoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Processoidea">Processoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalidopodoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalidopodoidea">Psalidopodoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Stylodactyloidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylodactyloidea">Stylodactyloidea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reptantia" title="Reptantia">Reptantia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Achelata" title="Achelata">Achelata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">Palinuridae</a></li>

<li><a href="Slipper_lobster" title="Slipper lobster">Scyllaridae</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Cancrinos" title="Cancrinos">Cancrinidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Polychelida" title="Polychelida">Polychelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Coleiidae" title="Coleiidae">Coleiidae</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Palaeopentachelidae</li>

<li><a href="Polychelidae" title="Polychelidae">Polychelidae</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Tetrachela" title="Tetrachela">Tetrachelidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glypheidea" title="Glypheidea">Glypheidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glypheoidea" title="Glypheoidea">Glypheoidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Glaessnericaroidea</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Astacidea" title="Astacidea">Astacidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astacoidea" title="Astacoidea">Astacoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Reef_lobster" title="Reef lobster">Enoplometopoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Nephropoidea" title="Nephropoidea">Nephropoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Parastacidae" title="Parastacidae">Parastacoidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Protastacoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Protastacoidea">Protastacoidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Stenochiroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenochiroidea">Stenochiroidea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Axiidea" title="Axiidea">Axiidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anacalliacidae</li>

<li><a href="Axiidae" title="Axiidae">Axiidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Callianassidae" title="Callianassidae">Callianassidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Callianideidae" title="Callianideidae">Callianideidae</a></li>

<li>Callianopsidae</li>

<li>Callichiridae</li>

<li><a href="Ctenochelidae" title="Ctenochelidae">Ctenochelidae</a></li>

<li>Eucalliacidae</li>

<li><a href="Micheleidae" title="Micheleidae">Micheleidae</a></li>

<li>Paracalliacidae</li>

<li><a href="Strahlaxiidae" title="Strahlaxiidae">Strahlaxiidae</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Venipaguridae</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gebiidea" title="Gebiidea">Gebiidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Laomediidae" title="Laomediidae">Laomediidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Thalassina" title="Thalassina">Thalassinidae</a></li>

<li><a href="Upogebiidae" title="Upogebiidae">Upogebiidae</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anomura" title="Anomura">Anomura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aeglidae" title="Aeglidae">Aegloidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Chirostyloidea" title="Chirostyloidea">Chirostyloidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Eocarcinoidea" title="Eocarcinoidea">Eocarcinoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Galatheoidea" title="Galatheoidea">Galatheoidea</a></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Gastrodoroidea</li>

<li><a href="Hippoidea" title="Hippoidea">Hippoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Hairy_stone_crab" title="Hairy stone crab">Lomisoidea</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">Paguroidea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crab" title="Crab">Brachyura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see Brachyura</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_crustaceans195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edible_crustaceans195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible crustaceans</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a>/ <a href="Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acetes" title="Acetes">Acetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Crangon_crangon" title="Crangon crangon">Crangon crangon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryphiops_caementarius" title="Cryphiops caementarius">Cryphiops caementarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Dried_shrimp" title="Dried shrimp">Dried shrimp</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_prawn" title="Indian prawn">Indian prawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Litopenaeus_setiferus" title="Litopenaeus setiferus">Litopenaeus setiferus</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrobrachium_rosenbergii" title="Macrobrachium rosenbergii">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaemon_serratus" title="Palaemon serratus">Palaemon serratus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandalus_borealis" title="Pandalus borealis">Pandalus borealis</a></li>

<li><a href="Penaeus_esculentus" title="Penaeus esculentus">Penaeus esculentus</a></li>

<li><a href="Penaeus_monodon" title="Penaeus monodon">Penaeus monodon</a></li>

<li><a href="Processa_edulis" title="Processa edulis">Processa edulis</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Whiteleg_shrimp" title="Whiteleg shrimp">Whiteleg shrimp</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiphopenaeus_kroyeri" title="Xiphopenaeus kroyeri">Xiphopenaeus kroyeri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobsters</a> (incl. <a href="Slipper_lobster" title="Slipper lobster">slipper</a> & <a href="Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">spiny</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_lobster" title="American lobster">American lobster</a></li>

<li><a href="Arctides_guineensis" title="Arctides guineensis">Arctides guineensis</a></li>

<li><a href="California_spiny_lobster" title="California spiny lobster">California spiny lobster</a></li>

<li><a href="Homarus_gammarus" title="Homarus gammarus">Homarus gammarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibacus_peronii" title="Ibacus peronii">Ibacus peronii</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_spiny_lobster" title="Japanese spiny lobster">Japanese spiny lobster</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasus" title="Jasus">Jasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasus_edwardsii" title="Jasus edwardsii">Jasus edwardsii</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasus_lalandii" title="Jasus lalandii">Jasus lalandii</a></li>

<li><a href="Metanephrops_challengeri" title="Metanephrops challengeri">Metanephrops challengeri</a></li>

<li><a href="Thenus" title="Thenus">Thenus orientalis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nephrops_norvegicus" title="Nephrops norvegicus">Nephrops norvegicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Palinurus_elephas" title="Palinurus elephas">Palinurus elephas</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_argus" title="Panulirus argus">Panulirus argus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_cygnus" title="Panulirus cygnus">Panulirus cygnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_echinatus" title="Panulirus echinatus">Panulirus echinatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_guttatus" title="Panulirus guttatus">Panulirus guttatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_homarus" title="Panulirus homarus">Panulirus homarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_longipes" title="Panulirus longipes">Panulirus longipes</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_ornatus" title="Panulirus ornatus">Panulirus ornatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_pascuensis" title="Panulirus pascuensis">Panulirus pascuensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_penicillatus" title="Panulirus penicillatus">Panulirus penicillatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Panulirus_versicolor" title="Panulirus versicolor">Panulirus versicolor</a></li>

<li><a href="Parribacus_japonicus" title="Parribacus japonicus">Parribacus japonicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sagmariasus" title="Sagmariasus">Sagmariasus</a></li>

<li><a href="Scyllarides_herklotsii" title="Scyllarides herklotsii">Scyllarides herklotsii</a></li>

<li><a href="Scyllarides_latus" title="Scyllarides latus">Scyllarides latus</a></li>

<li><a href="Scyllarus_arctus" title="Scyllarus arctus">Scyllarus arctus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thymops_birsteini" class="mw-redirect" title="Thymops birsteini">Thymops birsteini</a></li>

<li><a href="Tristan_rock_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristan rock lobster">Tristan rock lobster</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crab" title="Crab">Crabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Callinectes sapidus</a></li>

<li><a href="Callinectes_similis" title="Callinectes similis">Callinectes similis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancer_irroratus" title="Cancer irroratus">Cancer irroratus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancer_bellianus" title="Cancer bellianus">Cancer bellianus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancer_pagurus" title="Cancer pagurus">Cancer pagurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cancer_productus" title="Cancer productus">Cancer productus</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaceon_fenneri" title="Chaceon fenneri">Chaceon fenneri</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaceon_quinquedens" title="Chaceon quinquedens">Chaceon quinquedens</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_mitten_crab" title="Chinese mitten crab">Chinese mitten crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Chionoecetes" title="Chionoecetes">Chionoecetes</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">Dungeness crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Florida_stone_crab" title="Florida stone crab">Florida stone crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Gecarcinus_ruricola" title="Gecarcinus ruricola">Gecarcinus ruricola</a></li>

<li><a href="Horsehair_crab" title="Horsehair crab">Horsehair crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothalassia_acerba" title="Hypothalassia acerba">Hypothalassia acerba</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonah_crab" title="Jonah crab">Jonah crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Maja_squinado" title="Maja squinado">Maja squinado</a></li>

<li><a href="Menippe_adina" title="Menippe adina">Menippe adina</a></li>

<li><a href="Orithyia_sinica" title="Orithyia sinica">Orithyia sinica</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovalipes_australiensis" title="Ovalipes australiensis">Ovalipes australiensis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovalipes_catharus" title="Ovalipes catharus">Ovalipes catharus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pie_crust_crab" title="Pie crust crab">Pie crust crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Portunus_pelagicus" title="Portunus pelagicus">Portunus pelagicus</a></li>

<li><a href="Portunus_trituberculatus" title="Portunus trituberculatus">Portunus trituberculatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranina_ranina" title="Ranina ranina">Ranina ranina</a></li>

<li><a href="Scylla_paramamosain" title="Scylla paramamosain">Scylla paramamosain</a></li>

<li><a href="Scylla_serrata" title="Scylla serrata">Scylla serrata</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft-shell_crab" title="Soft-shell crab">Soft-shell crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasmanian_giant_crab" title="Tasmanian giant crab">Tasmanian giant crab</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acocil" title="Acocil">Acocil</a></li>

<li><a href="Astacus_astacus" title="Astacus astacus">Astacus astacus</a></li>

<li><a href="Marron" title="Marron">Marron</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherax" title="Cherax">Cherax</a></li>

<li><a href="Paranephrops" title="Paranephrops">Paranephrops</a></li>

<li><a href="Procambarus_clarkii" title="Procambarus clarkii">Procambarus clarkii</a></li>

<li><a href="Orconectes_virilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orconectes virilis">Orconectes virilis</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_crayfish" title="Signal crayfish">Signal crayfish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Austromegabalanus_psittacus" title="Austromegabalanus psittacus">Austromegabalanus psittacus</a></li>

<li><a href="Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">Coconut crab</a></li>

<li><a href="Goose_barnacle" title="Goose barnacle">Goose barnacle</a></li>

<li><a href="Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li>

<li><a href="Langostino" title="Langostino">Langostino</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimp</a></li>

<li><a href="Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">Squat lobster</a></li>

<li><a href="Thalassina" title="Thalassina">Thalassina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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